Ôn tập Tiếng Anh 12 - Chuyên đề: Câu chủ động, câu bị động

Nội dung tài liệu: Ôn tập Tiếng Anh 12 - Chuyên đề: Câu chủ động, câu bị động

1. CHUYÊN ĐỀ : CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG PHẦN I : 1 . Lý do : + Trong tiếng Anh, người ta rất hay dùng câu bị động để diễn đạt ý . + câu bị động cũng là một phần ngữ pháp quan trọng yêu cầu học sinh phải nắm chắc . 2. Mục đích : + Tổng hợp giúp học sinh và giáo viên tham khảo có một cách nhìn tổng quát về mảng câu bị động với các dạng + Hướng dẫn học sinh cách nhận biết , cách chuyển câu chủ động sang câu bị động dựa vào chi tiết khác nhau giữa các mẫu . 3. Đối tượng : HỌC SINH ( Thích hợp với học sinh khó tư duy – học sinh đòi hỏi cụ thể ) 4. Thời gian thực hiện : tháng 2 năm 2012 - sinh hoạt chuyên đề chuyên môn của tổ ngoại ngữ 5. Ý nghĩa đóng góp của chuyên đề : PHẦN II : NỘI DUNG – LÍ THUYẾT CHUYÊN ĐỀ : CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG 1. Khái niệm : a. Câu chủ động ( active sentence ) :. Câu chủ động là câu trong đó chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động, b. Câu bị động ( Passive sentence ) : Câu bị động là câu chủ ngữ nhận tác động của hành động. Câu bị động được dùng khi muốn nhấn mạnh đến đối tượng chịu tác động của hành động hơn là bản thân hành động đó. 2. Các bước chuyển từ một câu chủ động sang câu bị động : Active : S + V + O Passive : => S + BE + V ( past participle ) + . by + O 1) Chuyển Tân ngữ chủ động = > Chủ ngữ bị động Thông thường Tân ngữ có thể là 1 đại từ tân ngữ , 1 danh từ , 1 cụm danh từ ngay sau động từ 2. Đổi động từ ( V ) chính chủ động = > Thêm Be + V (past participle ) 3 ) Các yếu tố còn lại khác thì chuyển xuống không thay đổi 4 ) Chuyển Chủ ngữ chủ động = > by + Tân ngữ bị động - by + tác nhân (agent) chỉ dùng khi cần thiết phải nói rõ ai hoặc cái gì phải chịu trách nhiệm về hành động. + Nếu chủ từ là : people, something, someone, they , me , him , you thì có thể bỏ đi . + Các tác nhân ( by + ) đứng sau trạng từ chỉ địa điểm và đứng trước trạng từ chỉ thời gian, riêng thời HTHT thì since và for phải đứng trước tác nhân. 3. Các dạng : A . Dạng cơ bản : ( Tenses – thì ) Bảng cấu trúc câu chuyển từ chủ động sang bị động theo thì : câu chủ động và câu bị động phải cùng 1 thì + cùng 1 thể . a. A. 1 : Hiện tại đơn (Simple Present) ( + ) Active : S + V ( s / es ) + O
2. Passive : => S + am / is / are + V ( past participle ) + . by + O EX: People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday . => A lot of money is spent on advertising everyday b. A .2 : Hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present Continuous) ( + ) Active : S + am / is /are + V ( ing ) + O Passive : => S + am / is / are + being + V ( past participle ) + by + O EX: Mary is cutting the cake with a sharp knife . => The cake is being cut with a sharp knife by Mary . C. A. 3 : Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present Perfect) ( + ) Active : S + have / has + V ( P.P ) + O Passive : => S + have / has + been + V ( past participle ) + . by + O EX: Somebody has taken some of my books away . => Some of my books have been taken away . d. A. 4 : Quá khứ đơn ( Simple Past) ( + ) Active : S + V ( ed/ past ) + O Passive : => S + were / was + V ( past participle ) + . by + O e. A. 5 : Quá khứ tiếp diễn ( + ) Active : S + were / was + V ( ing ) + O Passive : => S + were / was + being + V ( past participle ) + by + O f. A. 5 : Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect) Active : S + had + V ( P.P ) + O Passive : => S + had been + V ( past participle ) + . by + O g. A. 6 : Tương lai đơn (Simple Future) Active : S + will / shall + V + O
3. Passive : => S + will/ shall + be + V ( past participle ) + . by + O h. A. 7 : Tương lai hoàn thành (Future Perfect) Active : S + will have + V ( P.P ) + O Passive : => S + will have been + V ( past participle ) + . by + O i. A. 8 : Tương lai gần ( + ) Active : S + am / is /are + going to + V + O Passive : => S + am / is / are + going to be + V ( past participle ) + by + O NOTES : - Điều kiện để có thể chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động: + Câu chủ động phải xác lập có được tân ngữ. (object) + Có 1 số động từ không bao giờ đổi sang bị động: (seem, appear, ) . + Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ thì một trong hai tân ngữ có thể dùng làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động . tuy nhiên tân ngữ về người được sử dụng nhiều hơn . B. CÁC DẠNG KHÁC : 1. Modal verbs . Active : S + can / must / may + V + O Passive : => S + can / must / may BE + V ( P.P ) + . by + O 2 . CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT , chỉ về ý kiến : say , think , believe , report , rumour , . Active : Subject 1 + verb 1 + that + clause ( S2 + V2 + O2 ) Passive : * It + be + verb1 ( Past participle ) + that + clause . * S2 + be + verb1 ( P.P ) + Verb 2 ( to infinitive ) + Verb 2 ( to have + p.p ) 3. Dạng nhờ bảo ( causative forms ) : HAVE / GET a. Active : S + HAVE + O ( person ) + V ( bare infinitive ) + O ( thing ) Passive : => S + HAVE + O ( thing ) + V ( p.p ) + . by + O b. Active : S + GET + O ( person ) + V ( to infinitive ) + O ( thing )
4. Passive : => S + GET + O ( thing ) + V ( p.p ) + . by + O . 4. Động từ chỉ giác quan .: see , watch , hear ( + ) Active : S + Verbs ( see , ) + O + V ( bare infinitive / - ing ) + Passive : => S + BE + V ( past participle ) + V ( infinitive ) by + O 5. Passive Infinitive : chỉ ước muốn , thích . ( want , would like . ) notes : Nếu Subject = Object 2 ( cùng chỉ 1 người ) thì bỏ O2 Active : S + VERBS + O1 ( person ) + V ( to infinitive ) + O2 Passive : => S + VERBS + ( O2 ) + To be V ( p.p ) + . by + O1 . 6. Passive Gerund : ( bị động danh động từ ) - Active : S + VERBS + O1 ( person ) + V ( ING ) + O2 Passive : => S + VERBS + ( O2 ) + BEING V ( p.p ) + . by + O1 . 7. HAVE TO ( phải ) / ought to ( nên ) . Active : S + HAVE TO/ + + V ( to infinitive ) + O1 Passive : => S + HAVE TO/ + Be V ( p.p ) + . by + O . 8. Câu mệnh lệnh : Active : VERB / Don’t VERB + O1 Passive : => LET / Don’t LET + O + Be V ( p.p ) + . by + O . PHẦN III : BÀI TẬP ỨNG DỤNG CHUYỂN CÁC CÂU SAU SANG BỊ ĐỘNG EXERCISE 1: ( THÌ CƠ BẢN ) 1.My father waters this flower every morning.
5. 2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night. 3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen. 4.We should clean our teeth twice a day. 5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar. 6.Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city. 7.Tom will visit his parents next month. 8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning. 9. Did Mary this beautiful dress? 10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room. 11.The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War. 12.The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day. 13.Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema. 14.The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week. 15.Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum? 16.Some people will interview the new president on TV. 17.How many languages do they speak in Canada? 18.Are you going to repair those shoes? 19.He has broken his nose in a football match. 20.Have you finished the above sentences? KEYS FOR EXERCISE 1 1.This flower is watered (by my father) every morning. 2.Fiona was invented to John’s birthday party last month. 3.The dinner is being prepared (by her mother) in the kitchen. 4.Our teeth should be cleaned twice a day. 5.The English grammar has been explained (by our teacher). 6.The accident was caused in this city (by some drunk drivers). 7.Tom’s parents will be visited (by him) next month. 8.The secretary wasn’t phoned (by the manager) this morning. 9.Was this beautiful dress bought by Mary? 10.These old pictures won’t be hung in the living room(by me). 11.This factory wasn’t built (by the Greens) during the Second World War. 12.This house and these cars are going to be painted for Chrismas day by the Greens. 13.The cats had been fed (by Ann) before she went to the cinema. 14.The pollution problems have been discussed (by the students) since last week. 15.Has the most valuable painting in the national meseum been stlen (by the thieves). 16.The new president will be interviewed on TV (by tsome people). 17.How many languages are spoken in Canada(by them)? 18.Are those shoes going to be repaired ? 19.His nose has been broken in a football match(by him). 20.Have above sentences been finished ? EXERCISE 2 : THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG CÁC ĐỘNG TỪ TƯỜNG THUẬT 1.They told me that you were the best architect in this city. 2.She reported that the flowers were killed by frost. 3.Some people inform me that the director is going to take a business trip to England. 4.That officer announced that the meeting was delayed until next week. 5.He discovered that this cotton was grown in Egypt. 6.They promise that the performance will start on time. 7.He recommends that we should stay at the city center.
6. 8.We believed that Alice would pass the driving test. 9.The director notifies all the workers that they will have to work extra hard this month. 10.They have persuaded me that they will go with me to the stadium. 11.They have decided that the company will go to the beach together at the weekend. 12.People think that Maradona is the best football player in the 20th century. 13.They find that the job is not suitable for a girl like her. 14.The teacher explained that this powerful engine pulled the train. 15.He told me that his football team had played well last season. KEYS FOR EXERCISE 2 1.I was told that you were the architect in this city. 2.It was reported that the flowers were killed by frost./ The flowers were reported to be killed by frost. 3.I am informed that the director is going to take a business trip to England. 4.It was announced that the meeting was delayed until next week. 5.It was discovered that this cotton was grown in Egypt. 6.It is promised that the performance will start on time. 7.It is recommended that we should stay at the city center. 8.It was believed that Alice would pass the driving test./ Alice was believed to pass the driving test. 9.All the workers are notified that they will have to work extra hard this month. 10.I have been persuaded that they will go with me to the stadium. 11.It has been decided that the company will go to the beach together at the weekend. 12.It is thought that Maradona is the best football player in the 20th century./ Maradona is thought to be the best football player in the 20th century. 13.It is found that the job is not suitable for a girl like her./ The job is found to be not suitable for a girl like her. 14.It was explained that this powerful engine pulled the train. 15.I was told that his football team had played well last season. EXERCISE 3 : BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI NHỮNG ĐỘNG TỪ SAI BẢO. 1.I had my nephew paint the gate last week. 2.She will have Peter wash her car tomorrow. 3.They have her tell the story again. 4.John gets his sister to clean his shirt. 5.Anne had had a friend type her composition. 6.Rick will have a barber cut his hair. 7.I will get the dressmaker to make a new dress. 8.He had a mechanic repair his car. 9.She often gets the technician to maintain the heater. 10.They had the police arrest the shoplifter. 11.Are you going to have the shoemaker repair your shoes? 12.I must have the dentist check my teeth. 13.She will have a veterinary surgeon examine her dog. 14.We had a man take this photograph when we were on holiday last summer. 15.The Greens had a carpet cleaner clean their carpet. KEYS FOR EXERCISE 3 1.I had the gate painted last week. 2.She will have her car washed tomorrow. 3.They have the story told again. 4.John gets his shirt cleaned.
7. 5.Anne has had her composition typed. 6.Rick will have his hair cut. 7.I will get a new dress made. 8.He had his car repaired. 9.She often gets the heater maitained. 10.They had the shoplifter arrested. 11.Are you going to have your shoes repaired? 12.I must have my teeth checked. 13.She will have her dog examined. 14.We had this photograph taken when we were on holiday last summer. 15.The Greens had their carpet cleaned.